The Search for Utopia in The Great Gatsby Essay -- The Great Gatsby F.

In Fitzgeralds novel The extensive Gatsby, the reader discovers multiple interpretations of utopia. Each character is longing for unmatchable particular paradise. Only one character actually reaches utopia, and the arrival is a mixed blessing at best. The concept of paradise in The Great Gatsby is a shifting, evanescent illusion of happiness, joy, love, and perfection, a mirage that leads each character to reach deeper, look harder, strive farther(Lehan, 57). All the while, time pulls each individual farther from the moment he seeks. There is myrtle Wilsons gaudy, flashy hotel paradise in which she can pretend that she is glamorous, elite, wanted and loved. She clings fiercely enough to this threadbare dream to brave the ire of Tom Buchanan by verbalise her jealous terror that he will return to his wife. There is a desperation to her full, vivacious style of living, she wants so much to escape the grey, dead work of the Valley of Ashes that she colors her life with any brightn ess she can find, be it broken glass or diamonds. Nick describes land she finds herself in as a wasteland, a desert, saying this is the Valley of Ashes -- a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens, where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and finally, with a surpassing effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air (Fitzgerald, 27). It is from this that Myrtle is trying to escape, this life-in-death valley that epitomizes the underbelly of New Yorks glitter and lights and finery, and this that she is dragged back to by the dawning jealous rage of a normally unassuming husband. To run away from the grey and the death, the colo... ...any falls from grace, Nick alone resurfaces, burdened by his grounds of the entirety of the tragedy. Works Cited and Consulted Claridge, Henry, ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald Critical Assessments. 4 vols. Robertsbridge, UK Helm, 1992. Donaldson, Scott, ed. Critical Essays on F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Boston G. K. Hall, 1984. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. Ed. Matthew J. Bruccoli. Toronto Simon & Schuster Inc, 1995. Lehan, Richard D. F. The Great Gatsby The Limits of Wonder. Boston Twayne, 1990. Rowe, Joyce A. Delusions of American Idealism. In Readings on The Great Gatsby. edited by Katie de Koster. San Diego, California Greenhaven Press. 1998. 87-95. Trilling, Lionel. F. Scott Fitzgerald. Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston Hall, 1984. 13-20.

Building and Maintaining Effective Teams :: BTEC Business Marketing GCSE Coursework

Building and Maintaining Effective Teams In this age of rapidly changing technology, market-driven decision making, customer sophistication, and employee restlessness, leaders and managers are faced with new challenges. Organizations must shape up new structures and master new skills in order to compete and survive. As work settings become more complex and involve increased numbers of social interactions, individual bm has less impact. In order to increase efficiency and effectiveness, a throng effort is required. The creation of groups has become a key dodge in many organizations. Team building is an essential element in supporting and improving the effectiveness of small groups and task forces and must be a key part of a total program of organizational change. Hellriegel, Slocum, & Woodman (1986) state that team building is used to improve the effectiveness of work groups by focusing on any of the following four purposes setting goals and priorities, deciding on means an m ethods, examining the way in which the group works, and exploring the quality of working relationships. A cycle then develops it begins with the awareness or perception of a problem and is followed sequentially by data collection, data sharing diagnosis, action planning, action implementation, and behavioural evaluation. This style is repeated as new problems are identified. Not all work groups are teams. Reilly and Jones (1974) list four essential elements of teams goals, interdependence, commitment, and accountability. The members must have unwashed goals or a reason to work together there must be an interdependent working relationship individuals must be committed to the group effort and the group must be accountable to a higher level within the organization. A good example is an athletic team, whose members share goals and an boilersuit purpose. Individual players have specific assignments they are responsible for, but each depends on the other team members to complete th eir assignments. Lack of commitment to the team effort reduces overall effectiveness. Finally, the team usually operates within the framework of a higher organization such a league. The overall objective of a work team is to exercise control over organizational change (functionally, this involves increased decision-making and problem-solving efforts), although a side effect may be to increase the productivity of individual members. A primary objective of team building is to increase awareness of group process. In essence, the group members will learn how to control change externally by experimenting internally.

The Beatles :: Essay on The Beatles

The Beatles are even today known as the superior and most influential act of the rock era. They introduced more innovations into popular music than any different rock band of the 20th century. Moreover, they were among the few artists of any musical genre that were simultaneously the best at what they did, and the most popular at what they did. They were also the first British rock group to achieve worldwide prominence, launching a British Invasion that made rock truly an international phenomenon.      Guitarist and teenage rebel John Lennon got hooked on rock & float in the mid-50s, and formed a band, the Quarrymen, at his high school. Around mid-1957, the Quarrymen were joined by another guitarist, Paul McCartney. A bit later they were joined by another guitarist, George Harrison, a friend of McCartneys. As the line up of the Quarrymen grew and depleted, the Quarrymen were eventually reduced to the trio of guitarists Lennon, McCartney and Harrison. The Q uarrymen changed their name to the cash Beatles in 1960, quickly dropping the "Silver" to become just the Beatles. Lennons college friend Stuart Sutcliffe joined on bass, but finding a permanent drummer was a problem until Pete Best joined in 1960.       Although the Beatles had " knavishly combined the best of American musical influences , the vocal style of black rhythm and blues groups from the 1950s, the primitive excitement of rock n roll, the flair of Elvis, and the slickness of the American " collide with parade"" (Assayas, 26) they hadnt fully developed , and some of their early recordings were issued only after the bands rise to fame.     Near the end of 1961, the Beatles exploding local popularity caught the attention of local record computer storage manager Brian Epstein, who was soon managing the band as well. He used his contacts to acquire a January 1, 1962, audition at Decca Records. After weeks of deli beration, Decca turned them down, as did several other British labels. Epsteins perseverance was finally rewarded with an audition for producer George Martin at Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary Martin signed the Beatles in mid-1962. By this time, Epstein was grooming the band for national success by influencing them to get rid of their leather jackets and throw on a suit and tie.One more major change was kicking Pete Best out of the band. Best was replaced by Ringo Starr.     As each of the groups singles sold over a million copies in the U.

Heat transfer of nanofluids in turbulent pipe flow :: Technology, Nanofluids

Heat manoeuvre of nano touch suspensions in turbulent pipe flow is canvass theoretically.The main idea upon which this work is based is that nanofluids behave more like singlephasefluids than like conventional solid naiant mixtures. This assumption implies thatall the convective heat transfer correlations available in the literature for single-phaseflows can be extended to nanoparticle suspensions, provided that the thermophysicalproperties appearing in them are the nanofluid effective properties calculated at thereference temperature. In this regard, both empirical equations, based on a wide varietyof experimental data reported in the literature, are used for the evaluation of thenanofluid effective caloric conductivity and dynamic viscosity. Conversely, the othereffective properties are computed by the traditional mixing theory. The novelty of thepresent study is that the merits of nanofluids with respect to the corresponding baseliquid are evaluated in terms of global energeti c murder, and not simply by thecommon point of view of the heat transfer enhancement. Both cases of unvaried quantitypumping power and constant heat transfer rate are investigated for different operatingconditions, nanoparticle diameters, and solidliquid combinations. The fundamentalresult obtained is the existence of an optimal particle loading for either maximum heattransfer at constant driving power or minimum cost of operation at constant heattransfer rate. In particular, for any assigned combination of solid and liquid phases, it isfound that the optimal concentration of suspended nanoparticles increases as thenanofluid bulk temperature is increased, the Reynolds minute of the base fluid isincreased, and the length-to-diameter ratio of the pipe is decreased, while it ispractically independent of the nanoparticle diameter.The usual design requirements for modern heat transfer equipment are reduced surface andhigh thermal performance. In this connection, in the past decades a considerableresearch effort has been dedicated to the development of advanced methods for heattransfer enhancement, much(prenominal) as those relying on new geometries and configurations, andthose based on the use of extended surfaces and/or turbulators. On the other hand,according to a number of studies executed in recent times, a further importantcontribution may derive by the replacement of traditional heat transfer fluids, such aswater, ethylene glycol and mineral oils, with nanofluids, i.e., colloidal suspensions ofnano-sized solid particles, whose effective thermal conductivity has been demonstratedto be higher than that of the corresponding pure base liquid.The main results of prior(prenominal) work on pipe flow, that is undoubtedly one of the mostinvestigated topics in the field of convection in nanofluids, clearly show thatnanoparticle suspensions offer better thermal performance than the base liquids at sameReynolds number, and that heat transfer increases with increas ing the nanoparticle

Nuclear Weapons and their effects :: essays research papers

A nuclear explosion is ca utilise by the release of capability in an atom, either through nuclear fission or fusion. Fission weapons cause an explosion by the go againstting of atomic nuclei. This happens when a neutron collides with the marrow of an atom. The protons in the nucleus atomic number 18 trans strained into a great amount of energy and two or troika more neutrons are sent out, which go on to split other nuclei. If this continues, a chain reaction will occur. The resultant is a gigantic explosion. To form a chain reaction, a certain amount of substantive is needed. This amount is known as the diminutive mass. If the amount is too small it is called a subcritical mass. The critical mass of a material depends on its purity. The materials used in making fission weapons are uranium and plutonium. They are the only elements able to be used in making a fission weapon.The destructive function in fusion weapons comes from the combining of very light atoms, such as hydr ogen. The atoms of the element are fused, and they release a great amount of energy. The element moldiness first be heated to a temperature of 50 million degrees Celsius. The only way to do this, without using more energy than is produced, is to use a fission explosion. So, a ball of hydrogen is surrounded by either uranium or plutonium and then by a non-nuclear explosive. The explosive is set off, and it causes the uranium or plutonium to react through fission, which in turn causes the hydrogen to fuse. Once again, the result is a colossal explosion meant for mass destruction.The three chief(prenominal) effects that would follow a nuclear explosion are blast, thermal radiation therapy or heat, and radiation. The very first thing to happen is the formation of a fireball. The fireball gives off the thermal radiation that cremates whatsoeverthing within a quarter mile and ignites any and all flammable materials within ten miles. The thermal radiation can cause eye injuries as well as skin burns called sleazy burns. Between 20 and 30 percent of the deaths at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were caused by flash burns. When the fireball begins to dissipate it forms a blast wave that travels away from the explosion at speeds up to 400 miles per hour. This destroys most building within 6 miles. It also kills most peck within 3 miles and severely injures or kills most people up to 6 miles away.Nuclear Weapons and their effects essays research papers A nuclear explosion is caused by the release of energy in an atom, either through fission or fusion. Fission weapons cause an explosion by the splitting of atomic nuclei. This happens when a neutron collides with the nucleus of an atom. The protons in the nucleus are transformed into a great amount of energy and two or three more neutrons are sent out, which go on to split other nuclei. If this continues, a chain reaction will occur. The result is a gigantic explosion. To form a chain reaction, a certain amount of material is needed. This amount is known as the critical mass. If the amount is too small it is called a subcritical mass. The critical mass of a material depends on its purity. The materials used in making fission weapons are uranium and plutonium. They are the only elements able to be used in making a fission weapon.The destructive power in fusion weapons comes from the combining of very light atoms, such as hydrogen. The atoms of the element are fused, and they release a great amount of energy. The element must first be heated to a temperature of 50 million degrees Celsius. The only way to do this, without using more energy than is produced, is to use a fission explosion. So, a ball of hydrogen is surrounded by either uranium or plutonium and then by a non-nuclear explosive. The explosive is set off, and it causes the uranium or plutonium to react through fission, which in turn causes the hydrogen to fuse. Once again, the result is a colossal explosion meant for mass destruction.The thre e main effects that would follow a nuclear explosion are blast, thermal radiation or heat, and radiation. The very first thing to happen is the formation of a fireball. The fireball gives off the thermal radiation that cremates anything within a quarter mile and ignites any and all flammable materials within ten miles. The thermal radiation can cause eye injuries as well as skin burns called flash burns. Between 20 and 30 percent of the deaths at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were caused by flash burns. When the fireball begins to dissipate it forms a blast wave that travels away from the explosion at speeds up to 400 miles per hour. This destroys most building within 6 miles. It also kills most people within 3 miles and severely injures or kills most people up to 6 miles away.

Nuclear Weapons and their effects :: essays research papers

A nuclear explosion is ca utilise by the release of brawniness in an atom, either through nuclear fission or fusion. Fission weapons cause an explosion by the dissolveting of atomic nuclei. This happens when a neutron collides with the lens nucleus of an atom. The protons in the nucleus ar trans make fored into a great amount of energy and two or collar more neutrons are sent out, which go on to split other nuclei. If this continues, a chain reaction will occur. The impression is a gigantic explosion. To form a chain reaction, a certain amount of material is needed. This amount is known as the unfavourable mass. If the amount is too small it is called a subcritical mass. The critical mass of a material depends on its purity. The materials used in making fission weapons are atomic number 92 and atomic number 94. They are the only elements able to be used in making a fission weapon.The destructive actor in fusion weapons comes from the combining of very light atoms, such as h ydrogen. The atoms of the element are fused, and they release a great amount of energy. The element essential first be heated to a temperature of 50 million degrees Celsius. The only way to do this, without using more energy than is produced, is to use a fission explosion. So, a ball of hydrogen is surrounded by either uranium or plutonium and then by a non-nuclear explosive. The explosive is set off, and it causes the uranium or plutonium to react through fission, which in turn causes the hydrogen to fuse. Once again, the result is a colossal explosion meant for mass destruction.The three main effects that would follow a nuclear explosion are blast, thermal radiation sickness or heat, and radiation. The very first thing to happen is the formation of a fireball. The fireball gives off the thermal radiation that cremates whateverthing within a quarter mile and ignites any and all flammable materials within ten miles. The thermal radiation can cause eye injuries as well as skin bur ns called punk burns. Between 20 and 30 percent of the deaths at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were caused by flash burns. When the fireball begins to dissipate it forms a blast wave that travels away from the explosion at speeds up to 400 miles per hour. This destroys most building within 6 miles. It also kills most mountain within 3 miles and severely injures or kills most people up to 6 miles away.Nuclear Weapons and their effects essays research text file A nuclear explosion is caused by the release of energy in an atom, either through fission or fusion. Fission weapons cause an explosion by the splitting of atomic nuclei. This happens when a neutron collides with the nucleus of an atom. The protons in the nucleus are transformed into a great amount of energy and two or three more neutrons are sent out, which go on to split other nuclei. If this continues, a chain reaction will occur. The result is a gigantic explosion. To form a chain reaction, a certain amount of material is ne eded. This amount is known as the critical mass. If the amount is too small it is called a subcritical mass. The critical mass of a material depends on its purity. The materials used in making fission weapons are uranium and plutonium. They are the only elements able to be used in making a fission weapon.The destructive power in fusion weapons comes from the combining of very light atoms, such as hydrogen. The atoms of the element are fused, and they release a great amount of energy. The element must first be heated to a temperature of 50 million degrees Celsius. The only way to do this, without using more energy than is produced, is to use a fission explosion. So, a ball of hydrogen is surrounded by either uranium or plutonium and then by a non-nuclear explosive. The explosive is set off, and it causes the uranium or plutonium to react through fission, which in turn causes the hydrogen to fuse. Once again, the result is a colossal explosion meant for mass destruction.The three main effects that would follow a nuclear explosion are blast, thermal radiation or heat, and radiation. The very first thing to happen is the formation of a fireball. The fireball gives off the thermal radiation that cremates anything within a quarter mile and ignites any and all flammable materials within ten miles. The thermal radiation can cause eye injuries as well as skin burns called flash burns. Between 20 and 30 percent of the deaths at Hiroshima and Nagasaki were caused by flash burns. When the fireball begins to dissipate it forms a blast wave that travels away from the explosion at speeds up to 400 miles per hour. This destroys most building within 6 miles. It also kills most people within 3 miles and severely injures or kills most people up to 6 miles away.

Shakespeare with Professor Ken Tomkins

In at least four plays of the Shakespe atomic number 18 Canon, A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You standardized It, Richard II, and Romeo and Juliet, the function of soma structure and frugals governs the conduct of the graphemes and provides a central troth that moves each story towards its climax. Shakespe atomic number 18 wrote these plays with the kindly class system in mind. Audiences from wholly economic levels of society viewed these plays, which included characters from each loving set as easily.The economic fortunes of certain classes is influenced by spiritedness at coquet and the political and social commentaries which are imbedded in particular plays reflect the injustices which were common practice during those times. Dutiful young womans, regarded as second-class citizens, rebel against advantageous marriages, kingdoms are overthrown, comm hotshotrs discuss royal figures with derision, and characters lower court life and tyranny. Economics is a fine web that supports different characters and the destinies they are to fulfill.One non born to an economically advantaged knowledge base can non fulfill that tidy sum. 1 We, as audience, are invited to court to learn the mannerisms of the nobility and we experience banishment into the green world2 countryside, with its resulting restoration of social order. Audience Audience is one key to understanding the function of class and economics in William Shakespeares plays. We generally understand that he wrote his plays for economic gain as well as for fine expression therefore, we cannot afford to overlook his audience, and the potential impact they had upon his writing style.His audience was comprised of the three-tiered social structure and there had to be something in each play to tempt them all. Class and economics determined the set-up of the theaters in that time, so it is not an issue that could be ignored by this playwright rather he echoes it in his works. detachment from the masses was assured by the seats arrangements. The top tiers were reserved for royalty and the middle areas were for the landed gentry, spell the floor seats where the groundlings viewed the proceedings resemble our modern-day mosh pits.In that time, it would project been unthinkable for the lowest class to be seated in seats above the other social strata and it is interesting that this seating arrangement has shifted over the centuries. Shakespeare made sure to guarantee his patron base by appealing to the people who financed his plays. Frequently the most important purposes were kings and queens or nobles. The acting step forward of the schemes that take place in court life was undoubtedly familiar and welcome to members of that class.Shakespeare targeted women as consumers because they are historically strong patrons of the arts, era men probably enjoyed gambling and carousing more. In that patriarchal society, class, and expectations restricted womens actions. As characters in Sh akespeares dramas, they challenged their long- accepted roles. The groundlings were satisfied because they, like our society today, liked to fill the nobility in disarray. There is an entire sub-culture of gossip publications and news shows that deal exclusively with the nobility of our time, Hollywood actors, and sports personalities.Much interest was generated to the same quit in Shakespeares time. The peasant class thrived on scandal that involved the nobility. Shakespeare made sure to include as much court-inspired strife as was possible, without ostracizing that particular set of patrons. He was able to get away with it because the lords and ladies, the middle-class, enjoyed gossip even more that the plebeians did. In As You standardised It, and Richard II, he portrays the usurpers in an unflattering light, while the true Duke and queen respectively, gain the audiences pity.This is a very delicate matter, groundlings can enjoy watching nobility fall, and the nobility can wat ch the usurpers get their own back. The plays satisfy a variety of audiences. Class Conflict Class conflict is a function of Shakespeares work because, without it, there is no conflict to be resolved. It is the driving force lavatory many of his plays. Conflicts always start in the court setting, and cannot be resolved until the natural order of each monarchy is reinforced or put back in place. There can be no subversion at the rest.The role of class in Romeo and Juliet reflects royal determinations regarding the family rivalry between the Capulets and the Montagues. The play opens with an angered prince and closes with one. Apparently, with two families on the same high social level, the fighting between them is not something that should happen at this altitude. They are playing out their feud at the way level, which is demeaning to both families. From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood ferments civil hands unclean. (1. P. 5). The word, unclean, suggests th at they have tarnished their images.The prince re-emphasizes this image in his admonishment, Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel-(1. 1. 82). The prince is a peanut character in this tragedy he has not many lines to speak. It is clear to all that he controls the social order in the following quote. And then leave I be general of your woes, And lead you even to death. (5. 3. 219). The drama that occurs in his kingdom is subject to Royal will and dictates. A Midsummer Nights Dream starts in the human court and ends with the balance of world-beater in the Fairy court. cordial order always returns to whoever was the rightful owner. We can make an argument that in the end of Richard II, the wrong king is in power, but we must remember that Richard himself disturbed the divine right of succession by stealing away Bullingbrooks inheritance and name. Richard upset the class system, and he pays the price. It is interesting that these Henriad plays focus on placing the Ideal Christia n King in power. Richard, while the object of pity in the end, obviously was not such a king because he was the catalyst for change, and he paved the way for the New Man. 3The fortunes of all in Richard II depend upon who is in power indeed, the change of power changes not only the economics, but also the life status of the characters Bushy and Green. This theme is still prevalent today, the change in power structure ex moves down the power line, only now instead of losing ones life, administrative employees lose their positions, which in political life, is the death of ones career for a time. Class, Social Rank & Freedom Class serves the function of determining degrees of wealth and freedom in many plays. Mapped out, it looks something like the following 1.Royalty & Nobility- (ruling-class) they enjoy great power and authority that is limited only by the expectations of their subjects. The magnificence of these offices is sadly linked to the loss of freedom. They are subject to the severe maxims that govern this class, which include their personal conduct, lines of succession, and competency to marry. The role that government fulfills also affects the economic stability of their subjects. When speaking to one another they use the more formal poetry, and when they speak to someone below their station, they tend to resort to a simpler prose form of speech.As rulers, they are also targets, everyone will come out of the woodwork to overthrow them or create stress for them. Duke elder in As You Like It, holds forth, Hath not old custom made this life more sweet Than that of painted pomp? Are not these woodwind More free from peril than the envious court? (2. 1. 2-4). 2. Middle-ranks- (landed gentry and merchants) The survival of the middle ranks depends upon the survival of the highest ranks, that is changes in power are reflected at this level because they are the supporting class.As gentry, their lives can be forfeit or spared, their lands can be confiscate d or returned, and their titles bestowed or revoked. As merchants or citizens, they can experience economic changes that can enhance or deplete their fortunes. Their speech patterns also vary according to their conversations, just as we use different language with our bosses than we do with our peers, so did they use prose when speaking with lower classes and poetry with those in the upper ranks.3. Lower-ranks- (peasants and laborers)- This class of society enjoys the most freedom and their lives are the least bruised by whoever is in power, as they never alter their position in society. No matter who is in power, their privileges and fortunes do not change. They have the least expectations placed upon them and do not have to strive to impress any one outside of their social class other than the people who employ them (Reynolds). 4 In each of these plays, the complicating action starts in the court as the ruling classes that will affect the families and country around them, make cat alytic decisions.Since Shakespeare introduces most of his characters in the first act, the complicating actions hinge upon the fact that the primary coil characters never resist the opportunity to make a better outcome for themselves. Luckily, they forge ahead on their ill-advised paths otherwise, there would be no end to the first plateau of each play. In A Midsummer Nights Dream, we have two sets of Royals the King and female monarch of the fairies, and the Duke, Theseus and soon-to-be Duchess of Athens. Egeus needs permission to send his wayward daughter to a nunnery or her death, for her refusal to marry Demetrius.Her refusal is a blatant upset in the social order, mirrored in the fairy world by Tatania disobeying Oberon. Only when the conflict is resolved in the fairy world can it be resolved in the human world. 5 In this particular play, the Fairy King and Queen are the uppermost level of classes. Their actions are affecting those classes below. The decision made by the Duke forces the young characters departure from the court to the green world. The tension begins with his proclamation For you, fair Hermia, look you arm yourself To fit your fancies to your fathers willOr else the law of Athens yields you up (Which by no means we may extenuate) To death or bless of single life. (1. 1. 120). Extenuate is a very important word in this passage, as it explains the rules that the upper classes must live by. Theseus seems to care about Hermia, and almost appears to be pleading with her to make the right decision, because he cannot mitigate the rules. Bound by the traditions of his office, he cannot resolve the problem. Once the Fairy world is back in order, and the lovers are in love with their rightful partners, then only can Theseus pardon their behavior.It is an empty pardon, for the highest ruling class already resolved the conflict. Another line that reveals the vastness of class is, Know of your youth, examine well your blood. (1. 1. 68). Said by The seus to Hermia, it is telling that bloodlines are important and come with a specific set of expectations that must be fulfilled. Hermia and Juliet struggle from the dictums of their class, they are pre-destined to execute their duty under the patriarchal system, and they go to extreme measures to escape their restrictive environments.Juliet blithely wishes that Romeo would deny his name and fate, because she wants to eat her legal profession and still have it. If he were to refuse his name, she could avoid the dutiful daughter restraints, and retain her true love. Montague wishes his daughter to have a few more long time on the planet before she is married off, but he submits to Paris request because of the social climbing nature of society. Both he and his wife wish to make the most advantageous match for their daughter, and would marry her off immediately after the death of a kinsman no matter how socially unseemly it is.The nurse character in Romeo & Juliet appears strangely unb ound by the traditions of this level of society. Her place in the family is assured, as she has raised Juliet. Her place in the class system is as a Natural. She speaks of sex and practical matters and is viewed as a bawdy character, according to Tomkins. 6 Lady Montague seems to have a bit of trouble deciding run or not this woman is worthy of joining in on family discussions of Juliets future, but the nurse feels confident enough to meddle in their affairs.Expectations of this character are mixed according to the players on the stage. Tatania also strays from the expectations of fairy society by taking a clown with an Asses head as lover, but this was not by choice, but rather by trickery. This is a blatant upset of social order. Bottom represents the lower human kingdom, the lower class, and the lowest of all possible levels, an savage used for the most menial tasks. Bottom, while not the lowest class of human, but close to it, is affected by the decisions of King Oberon and fo r a brief while enjoys being pampered, cosseted and loved by the Fairy Queen.As an actor, Bottoms economic fortune is dependant upon the Duke picking the play of Pyramus and Thisby to view as his weddings entertainment. We never find out if the rustics are paid for their work, but it is suggested that they gain something of value for being chosen. Banishment Romeo is destroyed by his banishment from Verona it represents his banishment from his economic base as well as his social milieu. He equates banishment with death, And worlds exile is death then banished Is death mistermd. (3. 3. 21).Banishment suggests rustication, or the stripping away of all economic and family scaffolding, typically in a country setting. In Shakespeare, all of important society lives in cities, certainly not in the country. 7 In As You Like It, not only is the Duke exiled from his duchy, he is exiled from comfort and he is leading the life of a different social order. Shakespeare, by his choice of speeches, shows us that court life is truly preferable in terms of creature comforts.Orlando complains of his treatment by his brother Oliver, For my part, he keeps me rustically at home, and Stays me here at home impoverished for call you that keeping for a gentleman of my birth, that differs not from the stalling of an Ox? (1. 1. 7-11). Duke Sr. complains in a roundabout way, Here feel we not the penalization of Adam, The seasons difference, as the icy fang And churlish chiding of the winters wind-(2. 1. 7). The symbols of office are of important economic importance in Richard II and represent something of a crisis to Bullingbrook.Without the symbols of office, he is not truly king. He needs to secure those symbols because without them his character is still one exiled from his country and disinherited from his family line. He is a man without any social class at all without that crown (4. 1. 175-80). The young gentry in A Midsummer Nights Dream act strangely once they are out of the court setting. They, under the spell of the fairy kingdom, fight and act rudely towards one another. Lysander said, Get you gone you dwarf You minimus, of hindring knot-grass made You bead, you acorn.It appears that with the removal of the trappings of court, or higher society, former members of high society experience a breakdown of manners and class characteristics (3. 2. 327-9). The four plays that are discussed in this essay have countless references to the expectations of social class however, it would take a much longer document to include them all. For our purposes, it is clear from the examples above, that Shakespeare deliberately used social class and economics as a function to move story lines along and to satisfy the needs of his audience.According to Tomkins, Silliness is not a class thing, it crosses gender and nobility lines. 8 The role that the ruling class played is most important, because it usually establishes the outcome of all the players in each performance. In the end, each character fulfills their own personal destiny according to the dictums of their identifiable economic sphere. It is also clear that Shakespeares audience was aware of, and possible approved the preference of the court over the green world. If the green world were a preferable locale, story lines would end in that vicinity.

Fdi in Nigeria

THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY BY SHIRO ABASS A. Department of Finance University of Lagos BSTRACT Generally, policies and st rollgies of Nigerian administration towards opposed reckon enthronements atomic number 18 shaped by two principal objectives of desire for scotch independence and the demand for stinting development. Multi subject corporations be expected to bring into Nigeria, distant bang-up in the crap of technical skills, entrepreneurship, technology and coronation fund to boost economic activities thereby, rising the standard of reenforcement of Nigerian.The main issues in this musical composition relates to understanding the effects and wallop of inappropriate organize investing fundss on the Nigerian saving as well as our ability to attract adequate amounts, enough enough to accelerate the pace of our economic growth and development. From related research and studies, it was revealed that multi subject area corpor ations are highly adaptive sociable agents and therefore, the degree to which they discount abet in improving economic activities through overseas direct enthronisation will be heavily influenced by the form _or_ system of government choice of the host land. unessential data were collected for the period 1970 to 2005. In order to analyse the data, both econometric and statistical method were utilise. T fits were produced in order to create a optical impression of the dependence of Nigeria economy on that of donor countries such as Western Europe and North America. The economic regression sit down of ordinary least(prenominal) square was applied in evaluating the relationship amongst extraneous direct investment and major economic indicators such as consummate(a) house servant product, gross fixed chapiter ormation and index of industrial merchandise. The model revealed a positive relationship between opposed direct investment and each of these variables, but that ort hogonal direct investment has not contributed much to the growth and development of Nigeria. This is evident in reality of enormous repatriation of profits, dividends, contract fees, and interest payments on foreign loans.The content thus suggest that in order to further remediate the economic climate for foreign direct investments in Nigeria, the government must appreciate the item that the basic element in any successful development dodging should be the encouragement of domestic investors first before going after foreign investors. 1. 0INTRODUCTION In order to seek the highest of return for capital, economists tend to favour the free flow of capital across national boarders. It is against this backdrop that multinational companies seek investment in foreign countries with reasonable risk.Nigeria is believed to be a high-risk softwood for investment because of factors such as bad governance, unstable macro economic policies, investment as a way out of Nigerias economic state of underdevelopment. Since the enthronement of democracy in 1999, the government of Nigeria has taken a number of measures unavoidable to woo foreign investors into Nigeria. These measures complicates the repeal of laws that are inimical to foreign investment growth, promulgation of investment law, various overseas trips for image laundry by the president, among others.The adopt for foreign direct investment is born out of the underdeveloped nature of the Nigerias economy that essentially, hindered the pace of her economic development. Generally, policies and strategies of the Nigerian government towards foreign investments are shaped by two principal objective of the desire for economic independence and the demand for economic development. There are four basic requirements for economic development namely. i)Investment capital ii)Technical skills iii)Enterprise iv)Natural resources.Without these components, economic and social development of the rustic would be a process lasti ng for many years. The provisions of these first three necessary components present problems for development countries like Nigeria. This is because of the fact that there is a low direct of income that prevents savings, big enough to stimulate investment capital domestically or, to finance training in modern techniques and methods. The only way out of this problem is through acceleration of the economy by external sources of money (foreign investment) and technical expertise. exotic direct investment is therefore suppose to serve as means of augmenting Nigerias domestic resources in order to carryout powerfully, her development programmes and raise the standard of living of her people. According to Nwankwo, G. O. 2 factors responsible for the ontogeny need for foreign direct investment by growth countries are oThe world recession of the late seventies and early 1980s and the resultant fall in the terms of trade of developing countries, which averaged about 11% between 1980 and 1982. High real interest rate in the international capital market, which adversely affected external indebtedness of these developing countries. oThe high external debt burden. oBad macro economic management, fall in per capital income and fall in domestic savings. Foreign direct investments consist of external resources, including technology, managerial and marketing expertise and capital. All these generate a considerable impact on host nations production capabilities.At the current level of gross Domestic Product, the success of governments policies of stimulating the productive base of the economy depends largely on her ability to control adequate amount of foreign direct investments comprising of managerial, capital and technological resources to boost the existing production capabilities. The Nigerian government had in the past endeavored to provide foreign investors with a healthy climate as well as generous tax incentives, but the result had not been sufficiently encouragin g (as we shall see in this research).Nigeria still requires foreign assistance in the form of managerial, entrepreneurial and technical skills that often accompany foreign direct investments. Total amount of income that will accrue to capital will be OR0BK0 while labour receives YBR0. Given that Q = F (K, L), the total output in this country is the area under the marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) curve and this output will be distributed between the two factors of production, that is labour and capital.For foreign direct investment to take place, the returns to capital in the United Kingdom must be less than returns to capital in Nigeria, given that United Kingdom is to a greater extent invest with capital utilization In response to this differential in returns to capital, there will be capital movement from the United Kingdom to Nigeria and this will act up until the returns are the same in the two countries. The amount of capital moved from United Kingdom to Nigeria is in the form of foreign direct investment and hence, Nigerias stock of capital or investment fund is increased. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL REVIEW 2. 1FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT PROPONENTS AND ANTI-PROPONENTS. 2. 1. 1 PROPONENTS Most analysts believe that national and foreign private sector enterprise, if permitted to operate in a competitive market condition will offer developing countries the best prospects for speedy national economic growth. These analysts however do not view multinational capital as panacea to developing countries. Amongst the proponents of foreign direct investments are Peter Drucker, blight Johnson, Gerald Mier, Sanjaja Hall, Paul Strcter, Carlos, F, Ludiak, l.A, Manle, . F, Author Nwankwo and many more. Harry Johnson argued that foreign investments bring to the home country, a package of cheap capital, advanced technology. Superior knowledge of foreign market for final products and capital goods, immediate inputs and raw materials. Simil arly, Drucker has argued that developing countries need to employ export oriented development strategies in order to meet their foreign flip and employment requirements and that such orientation is much more likely to succeed if these countries chiffonier acquire capital export markets.Such markets he maintained are precisely what multinational companies with their worldwide sourcing and marketing can offer. Gerald Mier contends that from the stand profit of national economic benefit, the essence of the case of encouraging the inflow of capital is that the increase in real income resulting from the act of investment is greater than the resultant increase on the income of the investor. This is also the view held by Mactougal when he stated that a dampen inflow of investment in an economy is beneficial.The chief benefit of foreign direct investment, according to these writers, is the accompanying package deal of technical and managerial skill. This whitethorn be costly, difficult o r impossible to obtain in other alternative investment means. The less developed a country is, the less able it is as a rule to utilize patents, technical advice and contract management assistance without taking the whole package. This view was supported by Penrose (1961) and Chenery (1966). 2. 1. ANTI-PROPONENTS some analysts (known as the dependence inculcate) are strongly opposed to pro foreign direct investment perspectives. Their arguments are based on series of studies and research carried out. Such analysts include Dos Santos, Ronald Multer, Cardose, Euzo Falleto, Dr. Fashola and many others. Theofonio Dos Santos argued that developing countries economic difficulties do not originate in their isolation from advanced countries, but that the roughly powerful impedimenta to their development came from the way they are oined to their international system. Multer, R maintained that multinational corporations transfer technologies to developing countries that result in mass une mployment that they monopolize quite than break in juvenile capital resources that they displace rather than generate local business and that they worsen rather than ameliorate the countrys balance of payment. Overall, the dependent school rejects the pro foreign direct investment analysts depiction of the benefits derived from participation in the international economy.Dr Fashola, for example argued that most of the policies adopted by Nigeria since the SAP era are qualitative in nature and as such are yet to be effective in turning round for the better economic fortunes of the nation. more than recently, a overbold body of literature emerged and challenged the pro-foreign direct investment optimist about the long-term negotiating and benefiting prospects of the world. What might be labeled the structuralized school has argued that developing countries may in fact experience a long-term decrease in their power over high technology manufacturing system.Their arguments were base d on what scholars learnt empirically about the conduct and effects of multinational companies in developing countries. Results of some of their studies are. i)Bornshier and Jean in a multiple regression compend of variance in growth of gross national product per capital in 76 developing countries (Nigeria inclusive) between 1960 to 1975, found out that their flow of foreign direct investment were associated negatively with growth in income per capital. new(prenominal) studies by Michael Dolan and Brain Tomlin appeared basically to confirm Bormshiers observations. Also, Robert Johnson in his regression analysis of growth per GNP in 72 countries between 1960 to 1978, found stocks of foreign direct investment to be positively associated with economic growth at statistically significant level for relatively advanced economies. He therefore cogitate that once the size of a developing country is taken into account, the level of direct investment has no consistent effect on growth. i)Vi ncent Mahler (1976) carried out an analysis of 68 least developed countries and found a statistically significant association between income concentrated in the 6 portion to 20 per centum of the population and foreign direct investment in manufacturing but not in mining and agriculture. iii)Several studies were also conducted to estimate the economic desirability of the technology brought to developing countries by multinational corporations.It was found that royalty payments, technical tees, tie-in-clause leading to the purchase of over priced immediate goods, export restrictions and other limitations had resulted in technology acquisition during most of the sixties to become major burden In conclusion, considering the wide range of conflicting empirical studies on how foreign direct investment in developing countries affect the rate of aggregate growth, distribution of income, employment and some non-economic indicators like culture and political structures, one cannot draw conc lusions from them with any minimal requireable level of confidence.Perhaps the warning of Arthur Nwankwo is appropriate in this context where he warned that no nation could provide for the welfare of its citizens as long as its economy is fettered. more(prenominal) so, many studies have shown that multinational corporations are highly adaptive social agents and therefore, the degree to which foreign direct investment helps or hurts a developing country will be heavily influenced by the policy choice of the host country. 3. 0 EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS 3. 1MODEL SPECIFICATION The under listed variables are used in building the model. FDIForeign Direct Investments GFCF Gross Fixed jacket crown FormationGDPGross Domestic Product llPIndex of Industrial Production The models will therefore be GPD = b0 + b1FDI + u.. (equation 1) GFCF b0 + b1FDI + u (equation 2) lIP = bo + b1FDI +u. (equation 3) These models, which are used in gauging and assessing the performance of the economy, make the econo mic indicators functions of the level of cumulative foreign direct investment. If we assume a additive relationship (logarithm), then the model equations become. Log GPD= b0 + b1Iog FDI + u.. (equation 1) Log GFCF= b0 + b1log FDI + u (equation 2)Log lIP= b0 + b1log FDI + u (equation 3) Fromthe model Log GOP=b0 + b1 FDI Log GOP=0. 159 + 1. 237 log FDI modular Error (Se)=0. 158 correlation coefficiental statistics coefficient (r)=0. 99 t1=1. 03 t2=0. 037 3. 2 Interpretation of Results The first noticeable thing about the above result is that Gross Domestic Product is positively related to foreign direct investments. The responsiveness of GDP to FDI to 1. 237 indicates that a one percent increase in foreign direct investment leads to a more than proportionate increase of 1. 24 percent in gross domestic product. A correlation coefficient of 0. 9 indicates a very strong relationship between economic growth (measured by GDP) and foreign direct investments, thus leading to the rejection of our alternative hypothesis and acceptance of our null hypothesis, which states that there is a relationship between foreign, direct investment and economic growth. Also, a test of the importee of the intercept and gradient of our model is found to be statistically significant through a test of standard error. Thus given that H0 a = 0 H1 a + 0, for significance of intercept And H0 = 0 H1 B + 0, for significance of gradient.For t1 since the computed value of 1. 02 is less than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H1 and accept H0 which states that there is a relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. For t2 since the computed value of 0. 037 is less than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H1 and accept H0 which states that there is a relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. From the model Log GFCF=b0 + b1 FDI Log GFCF=0781 + 0. 873 log FDI Standard Error (Se)=0. 199 Correlation coefficient (r)=0. 95 Tl=9. 41 t2=41. 57 3. 3 Interpretation of ResultsThe results from this model shows that there exist a direct functional relationship between foreign direct investment and standard of living, such that the elasticity of gross fixed capital formation with respect to foreign direct investment is 0. 873. A correlation coefficient of 0. 95 indicates a very strong relationship between foreign direct investment and gross fixed capital formation (which could be used as a measure of standard of living). Also, a test of the significance of the intercept and gradient of our model is found to be statistically significant through a test of standard error.Thus given that H0 a = 0 H1 a + 0, for significance of intercept And H0 B = 0 H1 B + 0, for significance of gradient For t1 since the computed value of 9. 41 is greater than 2. 042 (value from 1 table), we reject H0 and accept H, which states that the inflow of foreign direct investment has not affected the standard of living of Nigerians. For 12 since the compu ted value of 41. 57 is greater than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H0 and accept H, which states that the inflow of foreign direct investment has not affected the standard of living of Nigerians. 3. 4 Interpretation of ResultsThe above results show a positive relationship between foreign direct investment and industrial production. The elasticity of the index of industrial production with respect to foreign direct investments of 0. 14 indicates that one percent increase in foreign direct investment will lead to fourteen percent increase in the level of industrial output. The coefficient of explanatory variable of foreign direct investment is also significant, statistically at 8. 5 percent. The correlation coefficient of 0. 78 shows high positive relationship between foreign direct investment and index of industrial output.Also, a test of the significance of the intercept and gradient of our model is found to be statistically significant through a test of standard error. Thus given that Hoa = 0 H1 a + 0, for significance of intercept And H0 B= 0 H1 B + 0, for significance of gradient. For t1 since the computed value of 936 is greater than 2. 042 (value from t table), we reject H0 and accept H, which states that the inflow of foreign direct investment is not associated with the rate of increase in index of industrial production. For t2 since the computed value of 7. 05 is greater than 2. 42 (value from t table), we reject H0 and accept H1 4. 0 codaS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1 CONCLUSION Given the above situation and the fact that Nigerias economic recovery efforts and growth requires major private sector investment in modern equipments that can industrialize the agricultural sector and the economy as a whole, then the Nigerias foreign investment policy should move towards attracting and encouraging more inflows of foreign capital by moving ahead with economic programmes that includes measures easier set-up and expansion of businesses.In the year s ahead, Nigeria (and many other African and third world countries) in onerous to pave way for more foreign direct investment faces greater problems, especially with poor people external image problem and particularly the concept of European Economic Unity that includes Eastern Europe. This translate to the fact that investment flows that would ordinarily have come from countries of surplus capital like Western Europe to capital deficient countries like Nigeria would now be going to poor European Economic Communities which includes Eastern Europe.Except African countries are able to adopt new strategies, this development will further compound the crises of under-development confronting countries like Nigeria. A very important challenge of management in the coming years would therefore be the development of indigenous technology and entrepreneurial capabilities as the involvement of multinational companies in our economy may dwindle as a result of new bigger and attractive opportuni ties that are likely to emerge from Europe.With the up and down movement of foreign direct investment, Nigeria needs to juxtapose foreign investment with domestic investment in order to maintain high levels of income and employment. The problem therefore does not lie so much with the magnitude of investment flows to Nigeria as with the form in which it Is given. We could emphasize that foreign investment cannot contribute much to the economic development of Nigeria if it is directed primarily to capital supply than to investment projects. Foreign investment can be very effective if it is directed at improving and expanding managerial and labour skills.In other words, the task of helping a poor beggar can be made less generous and yet more fruitful if it is directed at teaching him a trade rather than giving him food to eat. The analysis presented in this work does not offer a simple version of multinational corporation investment in Nigeria because the depression in complex. Foreig n direct investment can make a valuable contribution to third world countries development in general and Nigeria in particular, but not all foreign direct investment doe so.Greater flows of investment funds climate in the Nigeria economy are important but a good investment climate is not synonymous with what multinational corporation prizes most. In conclusion, in order to further improve the climate for foreign investment in Nigeria, the government must appreciate the fact that the basic element in any successful development strategy should be to encourage domestic investors first before going after foreign investors, considering the fact that they constitute the bulk of investment activities in the economy.Thus, the most effective strategy for attracting foreign investment is to make the Nigerian economy very attractive to Nigerian investors first. 4. 2 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS The following policies are hereby recommended to policy makers and government, if it is desired that forei gn investment contribute to the growth and development of Nigeria. ? The Nigerian government should encourage the inflows of foreign direct investment and contact policy institutions that can ensure the transparency of the operations of foreign companies within the economy. In evaluating foreign direct investment, the screening process should be simplified and improved upon. For example, export investment projects that consistently generate positive contribution to national income can be screened separately and swiftly, while projects in import competing industries should be screened separately. ? Efforts should be made to interlock in joint ventures that are beneficial to the economy. Joint ventures provide for a set of complementary or reciprocating matching undertakings, which may include a figure of packages ranging from providing the capital to technical cooperation.The government should intensify the policy to acquire, adopt, generate and use the acquired technology to devel op its industrial sectors. ? Efforts should continue, this time with more vigor at ensuring congruity in policy objectives and instruments through a good implementation strategy as well as good sense of discipline, understanding and cooperation among the policy makers. ? The Nigerian government needs to come up with more friendly economic policies and business environment, which will, attracts FDI into virtually all the sectors of the economy. The Nigerian government needs to embark on capital project, which will enhance the infrastructural facilities with which foreign investors can build on. ? The current indigenization policy should be pursued to the letter as a way of preventing controlling foreign ownership in the key sector of the economy. ? The Nigeria government should also carry out the liberalization of all the sector of the economy so as to attract foreign investors, so that the current efficiency and growth noticed in the telecommunication sector can also be enjoyed th ere. For Nigeria to generate more foreign direct investments, efforts should be made at solving the problems of government involvement in business relative closed economy corruption clear public institutions and poor external image. It is therefore advised that the government continues with its privatization programme, external image laundry, seriousness and openness in the fight against corruption, and signing of more trade agreements. REFERENCE Ahmed A. (1993) Strategies for foreign investment in Nigeria. A central Bank perspective Economic and Financial Review volume 26.Ajayi S. I. (1992) An Economic Analysis of Capital flight from Nigeria World Bank Working Paper series No 993. Aremu, J. A(1997) Foreign private investment Issues, determinants and performance. Paper presented at a workshop on foreign investment policy and practice, organized by the Nigeria institute of Advance legal studies, Lagos, March Arthur, Nwankwo (1981) Can Nigeria survive 4th dimension publication. Enugu . Berham N. J. (1970) National Interests and international Enterprise Tensions among the North Atlantic Counties.Engle Wood Clifts Prentize Hall. Bhattachary A, Montie P. J and Shame (1997) How can sub-saharan African attract more private capital in flow. Buckley P & Casson M. (1976) The future of multination enterprises Macmillan press Limited, London. Caves R. E. (1988) Exchange rate movement and foreign direct investment in the United State, New York University Press. Classens S. (1993) Portfolio Capital flows Hot or iciness? The World Bank Economic Review Vol. 9, No1 page 153-174. Drucker P. F. (1974) Multinationals and developing countries myths and Realities.Foreign affairs No. 53. Dunning J. H. (1994) Re-evaluating the benefits of foreign direct investment, Transnational Corporations, Vol. 3, February, No 1, 23-51. Federal republic of Nigeria (1988) industrial policy of Nigeria Policies, Incentives, Guidelines and Institutional frame work. Federal Ministry of Industries, Abuja. Fernandez Arias, E. (1996) The new wave of capital inflows push or poll? Journal of Development Economics Vol. 48, 389 418. icing K. and Stein J. C (1991) Exchange rates and foreign direct investment an imperfect capital market approach.Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 4, No 4, 1191-1217. Hartman D. G. (1984) Tax indemnity and foreign direct investment in the United States. National tax journal, Vol. 34, No 4, December, 175 488. International Monetary Fund (1985) Foreign private investment in developing countries. A study by the international monetary fund research Department. Occasional paper No 33. Meier G. M. (1984) leading issues in economic Development. Oxford University Press, 4th edition. Mahmoud M. I. (1986) The Determinants of foreign investment in African countries, Dakar, Senegal.Nigerian Economic Society (1988) Rekindling Investment for economic Development in Nigeria. Selected papers for the annual conference. Nwankwo G. O. (1988) foreign Private Capital flows to Nigeria 1970 1983, Economic and financial Review. Volume 28, March. OjO . M. O. (1988) Nigeria Economic Crisis Causes, Solutions and Prospects. A paper delivered at the AHQ garrison annual officers training, April. Stephen J. K. (1997) Foreign Direct investment, Industrialisation and social change. Contemporary studies in Economic and financial Analysis. Vol. 9, JAI Press, Greenwich connecticut.

Analysis of Alice in Wonderland

Adulthood in Wonderland A jaunt begins with a single step. It may be an African safari, a rocket to the moon, or even a voyage around the world. Whatever the adventure, it must start somewhere. It could begin with a leap of faith, a glint of hope, or just a flicker of curiosity. In Alices Adventures in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll, curiosity is what brings Alice, a young British girl, to the start of her incredible, yet puzzling expedition. Her journey through Wonderland is strange, but through her experiences, Alice grows up along the way.Through his use of symbolism, Lewis Carroll displays that it is a struggle for a baby to make the transition into adult life. The character of the white hyrax is the first symbol used to present the difficulty of neat an adult. The rabbit is very official and is a symbol of an adult itself. For example, he is exceptionally busy and always running late, just identical an average adult. He gives the King of Hearts, the ruler of Wonderland, adv ice although he is beneath him, which demonstrates that he is also wise like an adult.When Alice first sees the rabbit she is filled with curiosity as she had never before seen a rabbit with a waistcoat- pocket, or a watch to take knocked out(p) of it (2). Without thinking, Alice follows the rabbit into the rabbit- hole and falls down, down, down into Wonderland (4). Since the White Rabbit symbolizes an adult, it is as if Alice is following him into adulthood. The rabbit travels throughout Wonderland, and wherever he goes, so does Alice. For example, the White Rabbit travels to the Queen of Heartss garden, and eventually Alice arrives also.The White Rabbit acts as a guide for Alice as she goes on her journey. As the White Rabbit symbolizes adulthood, he leads Alice through the process of maturing. Even though Alice does not confront any struggle with the White Rabbit, her following of him brings her to the challenges she endures later on. The White Rabbits symbolism carries Alice t hrough the puzzling task of growing up. Another use of symbolism that represents maturing occurs when Alice encounters the Caterpillar. Alice discovers the Caterpillar when she stumbles upon his mushroom.The Caterpillar addresses her and asks, Who are you? (45). Alice cannot answer the Caterpillar as she is unable to inform herself and does not know who she is at the moment. She tells the Caterpillar, I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed some(prenominal) times since then (45). Alices linguistic process display that her identity has been altered and that she is having a difficult time trying to keep up with these changes. A child breathing out through puberty encounters similar changes also. Children lose a sense of their innocence and discover themselves as they mature.As demonstrated by the scene with the Caterpillar, Alices want of identity is a symbol of a childs loss of oneself when growing up. Alices episode with the Caterpilla r also symbolizes another point of becoming older. The Caterpillar demands Alice to recite the poem You are old, Father William. Alice does as shes told, but as she is reciting the poem, she becomes confused and mixes up the words. Because Alice struggles with this, it symbolizes a child having a problematic time adjusting to the demands of adulthood.The Caterpillars request represents a demand that adults must face while Alices mixing up of the poems words signify a child failing at meeting the requirements of that demand. The symbolism found in Alices encounter with the Caterpillar demonstrates the effort of transitioning into adulthood. Finally, Alices changes in size illustrate the difficulty of maturing. Throughout the book, Alice becomes a variety of different heights. One minute, she is three inches tall and the next, she is opening out like the largest telescope at that place ever was (11). Alices size changes are sudden and random. For example, Alice drinks a liquid from a small bottle and rapidly shrinks to ten inches high. Alice does not expect this and finds it a curious feeling (8). Since Alices changes are unexpected and uncontrollable, they symbolize what a child experiences through puberty. Children are unaccustomed to the changes in their bodies and struggle to adjust to their mod selves. Alices growing and shrinking proves to be a challenge when her identity is mistaken for another.In one episode where Alice grows to enormous heights, she comes in contact with a pigeon. The pigeon mistakes her for a serpent, because of her long neck. Alice tries to convince the red cent that she is just a young girl, but the pigeon does not believe her. Alice is frustrated by this and does not understand why the bird wont take her word, even though she is telling the truth. This encounter, caused by Alices ridiculous size, again represents a child adjusting to their changed body while going through puberty.However, this example also illustrates that as children mature, adults immediately believe they have new identities. Adults view children differently, even when those children havent adjusted to their selves yet. The height changes that Alice endures work an image of the struggles of puberty. Through his work, Lewis Carroll demonstrates the difficulty of growing up by the use of symbolism. Maturity is a challenging journey, but one that must be taken. No matter when this adventure occurs, it begins with an individual step and remains the rest of a lifetime.

Death and its effects Essay

at that place is a certain sequence to life. We atomic number 18 born, we die and the part in the middle is cal direct life. Every one(a) moldiness die and every religion in the world go toms to have a belief around what happens after death.We burn down die at any develop be it by accident, illness, disease or old age. Unfortunately accidents and disease be quite common and cause much more distress to love ones than if someone dies of old age. This is because of the order of death which we expect. Most multitude believe that Grandparents should die first, followed by Parents then fin tout ensembley Children. However, the world does not always ladder this way, spawning the phrase a parent should never have to bury their child. Accidents can strike someone down at anytime as can illness. When this happens it is usually a shock and the grief caused by this can be dependent on the age if a younger person dies then the shock can be devastating but if someone dies in their tw ilight years then the shock is greatly reduced as the family is half expecting it and they have led a full life.When someone dies, people cope with it in different ways. Some people cry and sob while others allow for quietly drive and contemplate. In other instances, people will go into denial and refuse to believe that their loved one is gone. This type of denial is aided by the concomitant that we do not have to deal with death directly, more often than not we will arrange for a funeral director to plan and take apportion off everything. Many people tell their loved ones how they feel everyday, this allows them to be secure in that their loved one will not die without them penetrating they love them. People do not like for someone to die if they have not told them all that they should have or have ended their support conversation in an argument. They begin to have that underlying feeling of guilt and foreboding.To k promptly that someone make dos what you are going through is a great jockstrap to the bereaved, friends can capture over and produce their support and allow the person to explain how they feel. The whole judgement of talking to someone is the basis of therapy and can offer some relief through sympathy/empathy. Funerals, after they have been arranged are often held within the week of the person dying. This is to offer some decision to the whole process and to let the relatives to decide whether they want an open coffin or closed coffin funeral.Funerals vary from one Christian denomination to another(prenominal) but they all have a glimmer of hope in them for the relatives and friends. The hope of eternal life in the presence of God allows the church building to benefactor the bereaved deal with their loss by encouraging them to believe that they will be reunited with them after they die.In a funeral, the coffin is carried from its method of transport to the church (this is usually a hearse, but can be a horse-drawn carriage) by the pal l-bearers. These are often the male members of the family who were closest to the deceased.I am the Resurrection and the Life. He whobelieves in Me will live, even though he diesand whoever lives and believes in me will never die.(John 1125-26)The above verses from John 11 are often aver. These wrangling are used to comfort the bereaved as they speak of eternal life and love. There are alike often hymns, prayers for the person who has died and other sacred scripture readings. The priest will then give a short sermon on the Christian beliefs of life after death. Eulogies are also often read out by a member of the family or a close friend. A eulogy is a short speech about the life of the person who has died. It is traditional to wear black clothing at funerals. This is not required however and some families will request that guests do not dress in this way. A Roman Catholic funeral also includes a Requiem Mass. For this, the priest will wear white vestments and the coffin will be cover in a white pall. The coffin is sprinkled with Holy Water and the priest saysIn the waters of baptism (name) died with Christ,and rose with him to new life. May s/he nowshare with him in eternal glory.The coffin is then sprinkled again and later perfumed with incense. aft(prenominal) the funeral, many Christians put on a meal for guests to thank them for coming. In the case of Roman Catholics and many Irish Christians, a wake will be put on. A wake is a small, lively party to celebrate the persons passing into Heaven and their life.Of course, the person who all this was held for does not realise. The deceased person is not really there and only an empty shell remains. There are several different, but equally important reasons for holding a funeral. A funeral marks the ending of a human life, as baptism marks the beginning. It also allows the families to go through the various stages of grief. A funeral lets them see that the person is gone forever, but gives them comfort and support from faith. A funeral is used by Christians to be reminded of one of Christianitys main beliefs there is life after death and that God will give us strength to face up to our sorrow.Graves are also often erected. These graves are permanent markers to the person and can last hundreds of years. It is very interesting to walk around a cemetery and see the impact someone has made on another persons life as some graves have monumental tombstones on them. These come at a huge price and it is amazing to see that someone has paid so much money for something the deceased will never seeIn Christian terms, there are two places after you die, Heaven and Hell. There is much debate about whether Heaven and Hell are actual places. The Literalists believe it is as the bible clearly mentions it in the New Testament. According to older theories, Heaven is a place where those who are sinless go to be with God and everyone is happy. On the other hand, Hell was meant to be a place of fire and b rimstone where everyone suffered for their sins. Now here is where the argument comes in. Many people say that Hell cannot make up because it is impossible for such a loving and forgiving God to create a place of suffering. Some Christians also believe that Heaven and Hell are not so much places as states of mind. Heaven is where you are at peace and can be with God and Hell is where you are confined and discriminate from the warmth of Gods love.A modern story of the literal differences between Heaven and Hell goes as followsA man dies and is greeted by St. dig at the gates of Heaven. The man asks if he can see both Heaven and Hell before he is judged. St. Peter agrees and an angel escorts the man into a room. In the room, there is a pertinacious dining table. The man asks where they are and the angel tells him that they are in Hell. He explains that in both Heaven and Hell, you are treated equally and can eat all your favorite foods from the table on one condition you must eat them with 6 foot long utensils. The man ponders on this for a moment then asks what the difference is between the two. The angel tells him that in Heaven, people are well fed as they food one another while the people in Hell starve as they only try to feed themselves and fail.In Christian beliefs about resurrection, the idea that the whole body is resurrected, not just the soul is prominent. Jesus was recognised by St. Peter after his resurrection (see Corinthians 1535-57), this shows us that when we are resurrected, our new bodies will be recognisable to our family and friends.Jewish beliefs about death are not so different from those of Christianity. Instead of Heaven and Hell, Jews believe that all souls go to Sheol, a shadowy underworld. The Jewish faith also has beliefs on resurrection. According to Maimonides, when the Messiah comes, all the dead will be resurrected and judged.In death, every member of the family is affected. Adults know what is going on, but what about the c hildren. What should we tell them? Many parents explain to their children that whoever has died has gone with the angels. This is often the easiest way as children associate angels with happiness. This reasoning is often why people grow up imagining Heaven to be in the clouds above our Earth and full of angels, it is a remnant of our childhood. However, some parents decide to not tell their children anything. It all depends on the individual child and how they will cope with this new information. Some children can cope with the hard evidence someone has died and isnt going to come back, while others cannot grasp the concept of death until they are much older.All religions have theories on life and death. In the New Age religions, many people believe in the Gaia theory. The Gaia theory was developed many hundreds of years ago and can be found in old texts about the meaning of life. The Gaia theory tells us that the Earth on which we live has a spirit and that all living organisms ha ve their spirit given by Gaia (the Earth spirit). These organisms live their respective lives and soak up their experiences to enrich its spirit. When the organism dies, its spirit returns to Gaia and the experiences it had allow Gaia to create new lives.After looking at several different religions, it is apparent that all have one thing in common the belief that after you die a part of you lives on and returns to something, be it Allah, Gaia or God.

How Does Shakespeare Incorporate Literary Traditions Into Macbeth? Essay

In the play Macbeth Shakespe be uses a wide range of literary traditions frequently For example, ideas of tragic form are used, with aspects of both Senecan and Aristotlean concepts. The play consists of five acts, a traditional number, following the rise and fall of the tragic adept Macbeth. Elizabethan language conventions are followed, with numerous examples of rhyming couplets, imagery, personification, metaphors and similes used to project settings and aspects of characters.Macbeth follows the ideas of both Senecan and Aristotlean tragedies, using their concepts of how a tragedy should be set pop and how it should flow. The play has five acts that separate the play out into the stages of the rise and fall of Macbeth, the central character. The first act explains his rise to the position of thane of Cawdor and the beginnings of the witches influence over him. The jiffy act follows his position to its highest point it firstly sees the death of Duncan, an act carried out by Macb eth, greatly influenced at this point by the witches.In this act Macbeth is promoted to poove following the death of Duncan for which he is non suspected. Act three sees an ever increasing influence from the witches which results in a spectacular turn around of Macbeths position as he begins to break down after the banquet scene in which the ghost of Banquo is seen. This turning point signals the beginning of the downfall of Macbeth track eventually to his death in act five. The events in the banquet scene arouse suspicion of Macbeth as he cries openly in front of a figure that no one else present can see.Hence horrible shadow,unreal mockery hence(3.4.106-7)During the play Macbeth, both blank verse and prose are used in a structural way. The contrast between the flowing speech of blank verse used by the more important and intentional characters and the ordinary speech or prose used by the more lowly or uneducated characters is designed and incorporated to read the differences i n social office between them. This difference is bear witnessd well by the porter who opens the doors of the castle on the night of Duncans murder.He speaks in prose and rambles on, as he is provided a servant of Macbeths with little or no social status. Macbeth however as he is the central character in the play and a lord or Thane of high social status speaks almost entirely in rhyming verse. Iambic pentameters are used in the play to invalidate monotony as they give rhythm to a sentence and stress the more important words in it. An example of this is I have thee not and yet I see thee still (2,1,35) which is said by Macbeth as he sees the dagger before him but cannot touch it. In this sentence the more important words are obviously emphasized as shown by the underlining.Rhyming couplets are part of another literary tradition and are similarly used to give a natural and obvious conclusion to a speech, this property was used by Shakespeare as a cue for other actors as it could easily be remembered and recognised by them. Rhyming couplets are also used to indicate supernatural powers of a character in a play, as they sound unusual and ghostlike when spoken. This can be demonstrated in this speech by the weird sistersFair is foul and foul is fair lallygag through fog and filthy air.Shakespeare uses a number of examples of imagery, personification, metaphors and similes in the play. Imagery is used to project many of the themes of the play. One method of imagery used by Shakespeare is clothing, which displays the theme that appearances can be deceptive. For example in act one when Macbeth is given the title, thane of cawdor he asks, why do you dress me in borrowed robes?(1.3.108-9) as he believes that the thane of Cawdor still lives. Later in the play another reference to clothing is used inNow does he feel his titlehang clear about him, like a giants robeupon a dwarfish plunderer?(5.2.20-3)This refers to Macbeths unsuitability as king he is a dwarfish thi ef who has stolen the title of king from the true king.Another chain of images used in the play relate to stemma, which is used frequently in reports of murders and in describing people and events to demonstrate the brutality of the play and of the acts committed in it. Imagery is used vividly to describe the murdered Duncan and after the murder of Banquo Macbeth says to one of his murderers Theres blood upon thy face(3.4.12). This shows that the murder must have been particularly violent, as blood has sprayed onto the face of the murderer.Metaphors and similes are also used frequently in the play to demonstrate the deception that is used by Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. This intended deception is shown byYour hand your tongue look like thinnocent howerbut be the serpent undert.This sentence shows that the intention of Macbeth is to look innocent and pleasant on the surface in order to deceive someone into a dour sense of security in order to get rid of them by murdering them.Througho ut Macbeth Shakespeare has used a number of different literary traditions, which enhance the dramatic effect of the play for the modern day audience, and to include popular traditional values for the audience for whom it was intended.

Organization and Management Analysis Essay

organizational and management analysis are an essential part of organizational environment. In the raw world, taping environment characteristics are team work, delegation, information technology interfaces, which have an impact on the effectiveness of organization and management. This helps in cost reduction, decrease in environmental waste, improved employee satisfaction and an increase in over altogether productivity. To have an organizational and management analysis review of organizational charts, meeting with department motorbuss, executives or board members, and an organizational survey is necessary (Jones, 2006). A multi-dimensional examination of organizational and management analysis gives a complete picture of the actual situation which potentiometer be a starting point. This paper is to describe various organizational theories, compares management theories and drifts, and explains which organizational possible action and management style resembles our organization. Also, this paper explains what could be changed to switch our organization better.Organizational TheoriesOrganizational theory is to identify how they solve problems and how they maximize efficiency and productivity. These theories mostly derived from the activities of successful organizations. All of these theories contributes to the overall actualizeing of management. As in whatever other theories organizational theories provide the basis for ongoing research and application of human behavior in organizational settings.Classical Organizational possibilityFocus on the theories of efficiency. The components include scientific management, bureaucratic theory, and administrative theory. Scientific management focus on getting the trump out from the people, equipment, and business. So that productivity cannister be increased. In this, the workers got scientifi handley selected, trained and taught for the work. On the other hand, bureaucratic theory focus on establishing a hierarchy , division of labor, rules, and regulations. In the current world, legion(predicate) of the tutors think that bureaucratic theory is a hindrance to employees creativity. Administrative theory establishes a set of management principles and functions that applied to the organizations. This serves as a centralized termination making approach (Coulter & Robbins, 2012).Neoclassical Organization TheoryThis theory emphasizes effective and sociopsychological aspects of human behaviors in an organization. As we see in some(prenominal) of the current organizations many of the managers motivate, lead, build trust, work with the team, manage conflicts is all based on the organizational performance approach. The way manager fig jobs, work with the employees, the method of communication is ordinary in the behavioral approach. Productivity increases in an environment with coherence of values and purpose. The key is to maintain equilibrium where subordinates respect and believe managerial auth ority (Chron, 2014). disaster TheoryThis is a management approach that recognizes each organization as different, which means that each organization faces different situations and requires different ways of managing. This helps the management to understand that in that respect are no universal rules for managers to follow. Instead of looking into the universal rules, the manager must look on to the individual situation and determine the best and efficient way to manage the situation ideally. Different changing circumstances require managers to use different approaches and techniques. There are no simple or complex rules to follow. Managers are able to take decisions based on the conditions (Coulter & Robbins, 2012).Systems TheoryThe system theory approach explains that organizations take information form the environment and transforms these resources into outputs into the environment. This theory explains the interrelatedness of all parts of an organization and how one change in o ne area can affect multiple other parts. In this, all the units work together to achieve the organizational goals. Organization depends upon inputs form capital, government regulations, suppliers, information technology, human resources, to receive the output of financial results, products, services and information (Liebler & McConnel, 2012).Organizational theory suits our OrganizationThe organizational theory that closely resembles our organization is theContingency Theory. Adapting to the new changes in the environment is the basis for Contingency theory. This theory is important for managerial and organizational success. We have recently adopted Electronic Medical Records, and we are in the adaptation stage of information technology. Manager takes decision based on the current circumstances, which is logical because the units within our organization differ in size, structure, capacity, work activities, and goals. So a universally acceptable theory will not work in all situations. Different situations require different theories of management. Some situation the division of labor and bureaucracy is desirable which supports the classic theory. Other situations structural design becomes effective. Depends on the situation the manager takes the stand. Contingency theory claims that there is no best way to design an organization. There is no written rule on what is the best or the universal solution for the problems in our organization. There is no best way to organize a corporation or to lead a company. Also, the theory that works in our organization may not work for other organizations (Coulter & Robbins, 2012).Compares Management Theories and StylesManagers communication with the subordinates reflects a cluster of styles which the management styles. Managers use different style in different situations. Generally, we can see one style generally emerges as the predominant mode of interaction. Autocratic manager makes independent decisions without oftentimes inp ut from subordinates. The manager clearly dictates what, how, when and where things for the employees there is no room for employee initiatives. An autocratic style is least effective and desirable for motivating employees. Another management style is the bureaucratic management style in which the manager follows the rule and ensures that the employees follow the rules as well . They go by the book and the rules and enforced strictly. In this, the employees do it less freedom. No exceptions permitted. Participative management is which the manager makes the final decisions, but the employees are involved in this process. Both the manager and the employees involved in the decision making process. Decision made as a cohesive group interaction. E realone might not accept managers decision. Another type is the Laissez-faire style in which the manager allows employees to manage their own work. No supervision provided. In this, theindividuals should be self-motivated. This can result in d isorganization, chaos and lack of direction. Finally, in Paternalistic style the manager makes the decision to benefit the employees. Manager treats employees like children. In this style, the employees become dependent on their manager (Liebler & McConnell, 2012).Management Theory and Style suits our OrganizationIn our organization, there is no one management style that fits to all situations. In my observation, the managers shifts form one style to another when they face different groups and situations. When it comes to the policies and procedures, in my observation it is bureaucratic style, top level managers are following autocratic management style, and my immediate manager has a participative style who consults with the employees for decision making. So furthest I have not encountered any Laissez-faire management style in our place. In the new hire orientation managers follow paternalistic style. For a successful manager, the management style depends on the given situation. I f a work environment does not require any close supervision, the managers may select any styles. When employees are unskilled, autocratic style is most efficient. In the current world, changes impacts the managers task. It includes economic and political uncertainty, ethical issues, security threats, and changing technology. All these call for different management styles depends on the managers involvement.Changes towards Organizational AdvancementOrganizations deal with challenges in this worldwide economic climate, changing technology and increased globalization. A manager should understand the critical issues and use skills and abilities during challenging times in an organization. A great manager can change your life, encourage employees professionally and personally, excite people to overcome challenges and instill team spirit. Such a manager can make job enjoyable and productive. Manager should create an environment in which the organization members can work to the best of th eir abilities and think creatively. In order to make the organization better people should support, coach, and find meaning and fulfilment in work. Also have up-to-date information about the new innovative ideas. It is important to be competitive and sustain in thebusiness world. Develop the net on the job(p) ability, expire effectively and be sincere and genuine with others (Coutler & Robbins, 2012).ConclusionIn conclusion as we have seen in any organizational performance, managerial ability is very important in creating organizational values. Different management theories and styles range from prohibiting staff from making any decisions to fully delegating the decision-making power. No management style is consistently effective. Situational factors should be taken into consideration in the selection of an effective and efficient management style. The study of organizational theories and management styles is essential in this modern organizational, working environment.ReferencesCh ron. (2014). Organizational Theory. Retrieved from http//httpwww.smallbusiness.chron/organizational-theory. Coulter, M. & Robbins, S.P. (2012). Management. (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall. Jones, J. (2006). How to Analyze an Organizational Structure. Retrieved from http//www.smallbusiness.chron.com/analyze-organizational-structure-11818.html. Liebler, J.G. & McConnell C.R. (2012). Management Principles for Health Professionals. (6th ed.). Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett.

Plutarch’s Influence on Shakespeare and Other Writers of the Sixteenth Century Essay

The beguile of the writings of Plutarch of Chaeronea on English literature might swell be made the subject of one of the well-nigh interesting chapters in the long story of the debt of advanceds to ancients. One of the most kindly and young spirited, he is also one of the most versatile of Greek writers, and his influence has worked by devious ways to the most varied results.His treatise on the Education of Children had the honour to be proterozoic translated into the gravely charming prose of Sir Thomas Elyot, and to be promulgated in a black-letter quarto imprinted, as the colophon tells us, in Fletestrete in the house of Thomas Berthelet. The same work was drawn upon unreservedly by Lyly in the hour part of Euphues, and its teachings reappear a little surprisingly in some of the later chapters of Pamela.The essay on the Preservation of Good Health was twice translated into Tudor prose, and that on Curiosity suffered transformation at the hands of the virgin queen herself int o some of the most inharmonious of English verse.The sixteenth century was indeed steeped in Plutarch. His writings formed an almost inexhaustible storehouse for historian and philosopher alike, and the historic achievement was characterized by no diffidence or moderation in borrowing. Plutarchs aphorisms and his anecdotes affect us at e truly turn, openly or in disguise, and the translations I have completelyuded to did but prepare the way for Philemon Hollands great rendering of the manage non-biographical works in the last year of the Tudor era.But it is as author of the Parallel Lives of the famous Greeks and Romans that Plutarch has most strongly and most healthily unnatural the literature of modern Europe. Few other books of the ancient world have had since the middle ages so interesting a career in the history of no other, perhaps not even the Iliad, can we see so plainly that rare electric flash of sympathy where the spirit of classical literature blends with the moder n spirit, and the renascence becomes a living reality.The Lives of Plutarch were early translated into Latin, and versions of them in that language were among the first productions of the printing press, one such(prenominal) edition being published atcapital of Italy ab start 1470. It was almost certainly in this Latin form that they first attracted the attention and the pious study of Jacques Amyot (1514-93).Amyots Translations of PlutarchNo writer of one age and nation has ever received much devoted and important services from a writer of another than Plutarch owes to Amyot. Already the translator of the Greek pastorals of Heliodorus and Longus, as well as seven books of Diodorus Siculus, Amyot came not unprepared to the subject of his lifes work. Years were spent in purification of the text. Amyots marginal notes as to variants in the original Greek give but a slight conception of the extent of his labours in this direction. Dr. Joseph Jager has made it more than evident in a H eidelberg dissertation, Zur Kritik von Amyots Ubersetzung der Moralia Plutarchs (Biihl, 1899).In 1559, being then Abbot of Bellozane, Amyot published his translation of Plutarchs Lives, printed in a large folio volume by the famous Parisian house of Vascosan.The success of the work was immediate it was pirated largely, but no less than six authorized editions were published by Vascosan before the end of 1579.Amyots allude with the Lives did not cease with the appearance of the first edition. Each re-issue contained improvements, and only that of 1619 can perhaps be regarded as giving his final text, though by that age the translator had been twenty-six years in his grave. Yet it was not the Lives solely that occupied him. In 1572 were printed Les Oeuvres Morales et Meshes de Plutarque. Translatees du Grec en Francois par Messire Jacques Amyot.The popularity of this volume, by whose appearance all Plutarch was rendered come-at-able in the vernacular to French readers, was hardly i nferior to that the Lives had attained, and it directly inspired another work, already mentioned, whose importance for English drama was not very greatly inferior to that of northernmosts translation of the Lives The Philosophic, commonly called the Morals, written by the learned Philosopher, Plutarch of Chaeronea. Translated out of Greeke into English, and conferred with the Latin translations, and the French, by Philemon HollandLondon 1603.The indebtedness of such writers as Chapman to the Morals of Plutarch is hardly to be measured. Our concern, however, is rather with the lives as they appeared in magnetic norths translation from the French of Amyot, in 1579.Sir Thomas NorthThomas North, or Sir Thomas, as history has preferred to call him, was born about 1535, the second son of Edward Lord North and Alice Squyer his wife. The knightly denomination in Norths case, like that or Sir Thomas Browne, is really an anachronism as regards his literary career. It was a late granted hon our, withheld, like the royal pension, which seems to have immediately preceded death, process the recipients fame had long been established and his work in this world was virtually over.It is simply as Thomas North that he appears on the early title pages of his three books, and as Master North we find him occasionally mentioned in state papers during the long and eventful years that precede 1591 . Sometimes, by way of self-advertisement, he alludes to himself rather pathetically as sonne of Sir Edward North, Knight, L. North of Kyrtheling or Brother to the Right Honourable Sir Roger North, Knight, Lorde North of Kyrtheling.We know little of his life. It appears to have been a long and honourable one, full of incident and variety, darkened till almost the very end by the shadow of poverty, but certainly not loose of gleams of temporary good fortune, and on the whole, no doubt, a happy life.There is good reason, but no positive evidence, for believing that he was educated at Peter house, Cambridge. In 1557 we find him at Lincolns Inn on the 2Oth of December in that year he dates from there the dedicatory epistle to Queen Mary, prefixed to his D stately of Princes. In 1568 he was introduceed with the freedom of the city of Cambridge. In 1574 he accompanied his elder brother Roger, second Baron North, on a special thrill to the court of Henri III of France.Six years later, under date of August 25, 1580, the Earl of Leicester commends Mr. North to Lord Burghley as one who is a very honest gentleman, and hath mevery another(prenominal) good things in him which are drowned only bypoverty. During the critical days of the Armada he was Captain of three hundred men in the Isle of Ely, and he seems always to have borne a high reputation for valour.With 1590 the more interesting part of Norths life closes. In 1591 he was knighted. At this period he must apparently have enjoyed a certain pecuniary prosperity, since eligibility for knighthood involved the possession o f land worth 40 pounds a year. In 1592 we call for of him as justice of the peace in Cambridgeshire the official commission for placing him is dated February 24.Six years later we may infer that he was again in financial straits, for a grant of 20 pounds was made to him by the city of Cambridge. The last known incident of his life was the conferring on him of a pension of 40 pounds per annum from the Queen, in 1601. He may or may not have lived to see the publication of the third, expanded edition of his Plutarch in 1603, to which is prefixed a grateful allegiance to Queen Elizabeth.North was twice married, and we know that at least two of his children, a son and daughter, reached maturity. His literary fame rests on three translations. The first in superman of time was a version of Guevaras Libra Aureo, of which an abbreviated translation by Lord Berners bad been printed in 1535, with the title The Golden Boke of Marcus Aurelius Emperour and eloquent Oratour.North made no such e ffort at condensation his rendering appeared first in 1557 and again, with the addition of a fourth book, in 1568, with the following title page The Dial of Princes, compiled by the reverend father in God, Don Antony of Guevara, Byshop of Guadix, Preacher, and Chronicler to Charles the fifte, late of that name Emperor. Englished out of the Frenche by T. North. . .And now newly revised and reverse by hym, refourmed of faultes escaped in the first edition with an amplification also of a fourth booke annexed to the same, entituled The fauored Courtier, never heretofore imprinted in our vulgar tongue. Right necessarie and pleasaunt to all noble and vertuous persones. There seems no reason to accept the suggestion that the style of this book was influential in any particular degree in regulate that of Lylys Euphues.Norths second translation appeared in 1570. The title page, which containsall the information concerning the work that the reader is likely to require, runs as follows The M orall Philosophic of Doni Drawne out of the auncient writers. A worke first compiled in the Indian tongue, and afterwardes reduced into divers other languages and now lastly Englished out of Italian by Thomas North.In the Stationers establish for 1579 occurs this entry VI to Die Aprilis. Thomas vautrollicr, master Wighte Lycenced vnto yem a booke in Englishc called Plutarks Lyves XV and a copie. This is the first mention of Norths translation of Plutarch, which was punctually published in the same year, 1579, by the two book-sellers named in the registration notice. A facsimile of the title page appears as frontispiece to this volume.It is of importance to deal here the exact relation in which Norths translation stands to that of Amyot, first printed just twenty years before and definitely claimed by North as his source..Norths Plutarch enjoyed till the close of the seventeenth century a popularity equal to its merits but its vogue was now interrupted. It was supplanted by a su ccession of more modern and infinitely less brilliant renderings and was not again reprinted as a whole till 1895. How entirely it had fallen into disrepute in the 18th century is evident from the significant verdict of the Critical Review for February, 1771, This was not a translation from Plutarch, nor can it be read with pleasure in the present Age. One hopes, and can readily believe, that the critic had not made the attempt to read it.There is some doubt as to which edition of North was utilise by Shakespeare. The theory of Mr. A. P. Paton that a copy of the 1603 version bearing the initials W. S. was the poets property has long ago been exploded. From an allusion by Weever in his Mirror of Martyrs, we know that Julius Caesar was in existence in 1601. The two possible editions, those of 1579 and 1595 respectively, often vary a little in wording, but there seems to be no instance where such difference offers any hint as to which text Shakespeare used.No one with a knowledge of the rules and vagaries of Elizabethan orthography will in all likelihood lay any stress on the argument which prefers thefolio of 1595 for the sole reason that on the first page of the Life of Coriolanus it happens to agree in spelling of the word conduits with the 1623 Shakespeare, whereas the folio of 1579 gives the older form of conducts.If Shakespeares acquaintance with North was delayed till about 1600, it may be imagined that copies of the second edition would then be the more easily obtainable. If, on the other hand, we derive the allusions in A Midsummer Nights Dream (II. i. 75-80) to Hippolyta, Perigouna, Aegle, Ariadne, and Antiopa from the Life of Theseus, as has been done, though with no very great show of probability, we must then assume the dramatist to have known Norths book at a period probably antecedent to the appearance of the second edition. The question is of little import.There seems on other grounds every reason to prefer the text of the editio princeps, whic h in a good deal all cases of difference offers an older and apparently more authentic read ing than the version of 1595. As has been said, we have no evidence that North was personally responsible for(p) for any of the changes in the second edition.